Global Macroeconomic Outlook
Q2 2023
Global Fixed Income team’s view as of 3/15/2023


Global Economy: Recession is still the most likely outcome.
Tighter Financial Conditions to Weigh on U.S. Growth
While recent U.S. economic data has been mixed, we believe the factors weighing on growth will prevail. Despite moderating inflation and healthy labor market data, the extended period of high consumer prices combined with restrictive monetary policy likely will trigger a recession.
But the depth and timing of the downturn remain uncertain, largely due to the long and variable lag associated with monetary policy’s economic fallout. Persistently high inflation hasn’t afforded the Federal Reserve (Fed) the time to gauge the economic impact of previous rate hikes, putting growth at risk.
Mild Winter May Aid European Economies
A relatively mild winter has tempered energy prices, which may help European countries avoid a severe recession. Similar to conditions in the U.S., rising interest rates, still-high inflation and contracting factory activity are stifling growth.
Weak retail sales and sinking consumer and business confidence also point to a pending downturn. On a positive note, the services sector rebounded late in 2022 amid renewed financial sector activity and post-COVID tourism.
China Faces Tenuous Rebound
Despite lifting its COVID restrictions in late 2022, China is still confronting domestic and global economic challenges. Moderating exports, declining retail sales, a weak housing market and tighter global financial conditions remain headwinds to China’s economic rebound.
We expect growth to gain more traction in the second quarter, supported by a rebound in service consumption and property market stabilization. Other developing countries face mixed economic outlooks, but we still expect commodity exporters to generally fare better than commodity importers.
Inflation: Relief from higher prices remains elusive.
U.S. Inflation Persists
Headline and core inflation likely have peaked, but we believe consumer prices will stay elevated and notably higher than the Fed’s target. While core goods prices have been declining, core services costs — particularly rent and labor — remain elevated and should keep inflation well above the Fed’s target.
Rising interest rates and a slowing economy likely will continue to slow down demand and cool cyclical inflation. However, if inflation becomes embedded in wages, services inflation won’t easily subside. In addition, deglobalization trends and labor force shortages likely will keep structural inflation firm through the year.
Prices Ease Off Record Highs in Europe
Relatively mild winter weather helped Europe avert a feared energy crisis and push inflation off its record high. Similarly, U.K. inflation retreated from a 41-year high amid falling energy prices and aggressive central bank tightening.
Still, inflation remains well above central bank targets, and the ongoing war in Ukraine continues to threaten the region’s energy supplies and food prices. Additionally, if wage growth persists and pressures a broader set of prices, inflation may prove to be more entrenched in the European and U.K. economies.
Inflation in China Edges Higher
While inflation in China remains below its central bank’s target of 3%, sharply rising food prices recently fueled an uptick in the headline rate. The politburo attributed rising prices to a demand resurgence following COVID lockdowns and the Lunar New Year holiday.
China’s inflation rate remained sharply lower than inflation in developed markets and most other emerging markets (EM). Energy prices, monetary policy and currency devaluations have led to unusually high inflation in parts of the developing world.
Monetary Policy: Rates remain higher for longer.
Fed Still Wary of Inflation
With the Fed downshifting its rate hikes and some economic indicators slowing, we suspect the central bank’s tightening campaign will wind down. But with inflation still above the Fed’s comfort zone and the job market still robust, we don’t think policymakers will quickly pivot policy.
While the recent banking sector meltdown raised questions about Fed rate-hike plans, we still believe inflation concerns will drive near-term policy. The Fed appears more comfortable with the consequences of overtightening than the dangers of persistently high inflation. The central bank wants to make sure inflation’s slowdown continues and the labor market softens before changing course. Current market forecasts call for Fed tightening to conclude soon and Fed easing to begin later in the year.
European Policymakers Stay Vigilant
Central bankers in the U.K. and Europe believe inflation likely has peaked, but they’re not willing to reverse course any time soon. With borrowing costs at a 15-year high, the Bank of England (BofE) dropped its pledge to keep raising rates “forcefully.”
Observers expect policymakers to start reducing the pace of rate hikes as inflation eases further. In the wake of record-high inflation, the European Central Bank (ECB) expects further rate hikes will be necessary to reach the target inflation rate. Forecasts suggest the key BofE lending rate will peak at 4.5% in the second quarter of 2023, while the ECB’s rate may exceed 3.5%.
China’s Rates Unchanged
Despite mounting economic headwinds, the People’s Bank of China has held its key lending rates steady since August 2022. Nevertheless, policymakers remain willing to cut the benchmark mortgage rate if the crucial housing market recovery falls short. Maintaining stable policy rates should prevent U.S.-China interest rate differentials from widening too far while helping to stabilize the yuan. Elsewhere, many EM central banks have been aggressive in hiking rates to combat inflation, having ended or nearing the end of their tightening campaigns.
Interest Rates: Yields reach multiyear highs.
Longer-Maturity Treasury Yields Likely to Ease
Amid elevated inflation and aggressive Fed tightening, U.S. bond yields recently climbed to multiyear highs. Volatility stemming from banking sector unrest recently pushed yields lower. In the near term, we expect continued sharp movements in short-maturity yields as the market digests ongoing volatility and the Fed’s response. As the Fed slows and ultimately ends its rate-hike campaign, shorter-maturity Treasury yields should stabilize. However, with growth slowing and recession risk rising, longer-maturity yields likely will retreat, underscoring the potential advantages of extending duration.
Policy Rates Push European Yields Higher
Elevated inflation and additional central bank tightening should continue to push shorter-maturity European and U.K. government bond yields to multiyear highs, even as recession risk escalates. However, similar to the U.S., longer-maturity bonds should begin to stabilize as the market discounts recession and an eventual pause in rate hikes later in the year. In the U.K., where the central bank has been raising rates since December 2021, government bond yields are rising faster than their eurozone counterparts. We expect rates to peak in mid-2023, as growth slows, and central banks pause their rate-hike campaigns.
Emerging Markets Rates Remain Higher
Other than China, government bond yields in EM countries are generally higher than yields in most developed markets. Facing high inflation and potential currency devaluations, many EM central banks started raising rates before their peers in developed markets. We believe this dynamic should offer some support to select EM currencies along with the potential for yield pickup from local rates.
View Glossary Definitions
Agency mortgages
A form of securitized debt that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments.
Asset-backed securities (ABS)
A form of securitized debt (defined below), ABS are structured like mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined below). But instead of mortgage loans or interest in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as auto loans, home equity loans, student loans, small business loans, and credit card debt. The value of an ABS is affected by changes in the market's perception of the assets backing the security, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the loan pool, the originator of the loans, or the financial institution providing any credit enhancement.
BB and BBB credit rating
Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived “investment-grade”; those rated below BBB are considered/perceived non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Central bank
Entity responsible for oversight of a nation’s monetary system, including policies and interest rates.
Collateralized loan obligations (CLOs)
A form of securitized debt, typically backed by pools of corporate loans and their payments.
Commodities
Commodities are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought or sold on an exchange or market. Examples include grains such as corn, foods such as coffee, and metals such as copper.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
CPI is the most commonly used statistic to measure inflation in the U.S. economy. Sometimes referred to as headline CPI, it reflects price changes from the consumer's perspective. It's a U.S. government (Bureau of Labor Statistics) index derived from detailed consumer spending information. Changes in CPI measure price changes in a market basket of consumer goods and services such as gas, food, clothing, and cars. Core CPI excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile.
Corporate securities (corporate bonds and notes)
Debt instruments issued by corporations, as distinct from those issued by governments, government agencies, or municipalities. Corporate securities typically have the following features: 1) they are taxable, 2) they tend to have more credit (default) risk than government or municipal securities, so they tend to have higher yields than comparable-maturity securities in those sectors; and 3) they are traded on major exchanges, with prices published in newspapers.
Correlation
Correlation measures the relationship between two investments--the higher the correlation, the more likely they are to move in the same direction for a given set of economic or market events. So if two securities are highly correlated, they will move in the same direction the vast majority of the time. Negatively correlated investments do the opposite--as one security rises, the other falls, and vice versa. No correlation means there is no relationship between the movement of two securities--the performance of one security has no bearing on the performance of the other. Correlation is an important concept for portfolio diversification--combining assets with low or negative correlations can improve risk-adjusted performance over time by providing a diversity of payouts under the same financial conditions.
Credit quality
Credit quality reflects the financial strength of the issuer of a security, and the ability of that issuer to provide timely payment of interest and principal to investors in the issuer's securities. Common measurements of credit quality include the credit ratings provided by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's. Credit quality and credit quality perceptions are a key component of the daily market pricing of fixed-income securities, along with maturity, inflation expectations and interest rate levels.
Credit ratings
Measurements of credit quality (defined below) provided by credit rating agencies (defined below). Those provided by Standard & Poor's typically are the most widely quoted and distributed, and range from AAA (highest quality; perceived as least likely to default) down to D (in default). Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived to be "investment-grade"; those below BBB are considered/perceived to be non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Debt security
A debt instrument, including bonds, certificates of deposit or preferred stocks.
Duration
Duration is an important indicator of potential price volatility and interest rate risk in fixed income investments. It measures the price sensitivity of a fixed income investment to changes in interest rates. The longer the duration, the more a fixed income investment's price will change when interest rates change. Duration also reflects the effect caused by receiving fixed income cash flows sooner instead of later. Fixed income investments structured to potentially pay more to investors earlier (such as high-yield, mortgage, and callable securities) typically have shorter durations than those that return most of their capital at maturity (such as zero-coupon or low-yielding noncallable Treasury securities), assuming that they have similar maturities.
Eurozone
The eurozone is sometimes referred to as the euro area and represents the member states that participate in the economic and monetary union (EMU) with the European Union (EU). The eurozone currently consists of: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
Federal funds rate (aka fed funds rate)
The federal funds rate is an overnight interest rate banks charge each other for loans. More specifically, it's the interest rate charged by banks with excess reserves at a Federal Reserve district bank to banks needing overnight loans to meet reserve requirements. It's an interest rate that's mentioned frequently within the context of the Federal Reserve's interest rate policies. The Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee (defined below) sets a target for the federal funds rate (which is a key benchmark for all short-term interest rates, especially in the money markets), which it then supports/strives for with its open market operations (buying or selling government securities).
Federal Reserve (Fed)
The Fed is the U.S. central bank, responsible for monetary policies affecting the U.S. financial system and the economy.
Fundamentals/fundamental analysis
Investment "fundamentals," in the context of investment analysis, are typically those factors used in determining value that are more economic (growth, interest rates, inflation, employment) and/or financial (income, expenses, assets, credit quality) in nature, as opposed to "technicals," which are based more on market price (into which fundamental factors are considered to have been "priced in"), trend, and volume factors (such as supply and demand), and momentum. Technical factors can often override fundamentals in near-term investor and market behavior, but, in theory, investments with strong fundamental supports should maintain their value and perform relatively well over long time periods.
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (or GDP) is a measure of the total economic output in goods and services for an economy.
High-yield bonds
High-yield bonds are fixed income securities with lower credit quality and lower credit ratings. High-yield securities are those rated below BBB- by Standard & Poor's.
Inflation
Inflation, sometimes referred to as headline inflation, reflects rising prices for consumer goods and services, or equivalently, a declining value of money. Core inflation excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile. It is the opposite of deflation (see Deflation).
Inflation-protected securities
Debt securities that offer returns adjusted for inflation; a feature designed to eliminate the inflation risk.
Investment-grade corporate bond or credit
A debt security with a relatively low risk of default issued and sold by a corporation to investors.
Liquidity
Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price.
Mortgage-backed securities (MBS)
A form of securitized debt (defined below) that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments. Most MBS are structured as "pass-throughs"--the monthly payments of principal and interest on the mortgages in the pool are collected by the financial entity that is servicing the mortgages and are "passed through" monthly to investors. The monthly and principal payments are key differences between MBS and other bonds such as Treasuries, which pay interest every six months and return the whole principal at maturity. Most MBS are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), or by a private lending institution.
Municipal bonds
These are long-term municipal securities (defined below) with maturities of 10 years or longer.
Municipal securities (munis)
Debt securities typically issued by or on behalf of U.S. state and local governments, their agencies or authorities to raise money for a variety of public purposes, including financing for state and local governments as well as financing for specific projects and public facilities. In addition to their specific set of issuers, the defining characteristic of munis is their tax status. The interest income earned on most munis is exempt from federal income taxes. Interest payments are also generally exempt from state taxes if the bond owner resides within the state that issued the security. The same rule applies to local taxes. Another interesting characteristic of munis: Individuals, rather than institutions, make up the largest investor base. In part because of these characteristics, munis tend to have certain performance attributes, including higher after-tax returns than other fixed income securities of comparable maturity and credit quality and low volatility relative to other fixed-income sectors. The two main types of munis are general obligation bonds (GOs) and revenue bonds. GOs are munis secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer's taxing power. Revenue bonds are secured by the charges tied to the use of the facilities financed by the bonds.
Nominal yield
For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, nominal yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers. Most nominal fixed-income yields include some extra yield, an "inflation premium," that is typically priced/added into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation (see Inflation). Real yields (see Real yield), such as those for TIPS (see TIPS), don't have the inflation premium. As a result, nominal yields are typically higher than TIPS yields and other real yields.
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS)
MBS that represent ownership in pools of commercial real estate loans used to finance the construction and improvement of income-producing properties. Non-agency CMBS are not guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored enterprise.
Price to earnings ratio (P/E)
The price of a stock divided by its annual earnings per share. These earnings can be historical (the most recent 12 months) or forward-looking (an estimate of the next 12 months). A P/E ratio allows analysts to compare stocks on the basis of how much an investor is paying (in terms of price) for a dollar of recent or expected earnings. Higher P/E ratios imply that a stock's earnings are valued more highly, usually on the basis of higher expected earnings growth in the future or higher quality of earnings.
Quality
Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations assign quality ratings to reflect forward-looking opinions on the creditworthiness of loan issuers.
Real estate investment trusts (REITs)
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are securities that trade like stocks and invest in real estate through properties or mortgages.
Russell 1000® Growth Index
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.
Russell 1000® Value Index
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values.
S&P 500® Growth Index
A style-concentrated index designed to track the performance of stocks that exhibit the strongest growth characteristics by using a style-attractiveness weighting scheme.
S&P 500® Index
The S&P 500® Index is composed of 500 selected common stocks most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
S&P 500® Value Index
The S&P 500 Value Index is a style-concentrated index that measures stocks in the S&P 500 using three factors: the ratios of book value, earnings, and sales to price. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
Securitized debt
Debt resulting from the process of aggregating debt instruments into a pool of similar debts, then issuing new securities backed by the pool (securitizing the debt). Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (ABS and MBS, defined further above) and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs, defined above) are common forms of securitized debt. The credit quality (defined above) of securitized debt can vary significantly, depending on the underwriting standards of the original debt issuers, the credit quality of the issuers, economic or financial conditions that might affect payments, the existence of credit backing or guarantees, etc.
Senior-secured securities
A security that has a higher priority compared to another in the event of liquidation.
Sovereign debt
A country's own government-issued debt, priced in its native currency, that can be sold to investors in other countries to raise needed funds. For example, U.S. Treasury debt is U.S. sovereign debt, and would be referred to as sovereign debt when bought by foreign investors. Conversely, debt issued by foreign governments and priced in their currencies would be sovereign debt to U.S. investors.
Spreads (aka "interest-rate spreads", "maturity spreads," "yield spreads" or "credit spreads")
In fixed income parlance, spreads are simply measured differences or gaps that exists between two interest rates or yields that are being compared with each other. Spreads typically exist and are measured between fixed income securities of the same credit quality (defined above), but different maturities, or of the same maturity, but different credit quality. Changes in spreads typically reflect changes in relative value, with "spread widening" usually indicating relative price depreciation of the securities whose yields are increasing most, and "spread tightening" indicating relative price appreciation of the securities whose yields are declining most (or remaining relatively fixed while other yields are rising to meet them). Value-oriented investors typically seek to buy when spreads are relatively wide and sell after spreads tighten.
Spread sectors (aka "spread products," "spread securities")
In fixed income parlance, these are typically non-Treasury securities that usually trade in the fixed income markets at higher yields than same-maturity U.S. Treasury securities. The yield difference between Treasuries and non-Treasuries is called the "spread" (defined further above), hence the name "spread sectors" for non-Treasuries. These sectors--such as corporate-issued securities and mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined above)--typically trade at higher yields (spreads) than Treasuries because they usually have relatively lower credit quality (defined above) and more credit/default risk (defined above), and/or they have more prepayment risk (defined above).
Stagflation
Stagflation describes slowing economic growth combined with high inflation.
Subordinated security
An unsecured loan or bond that ranks below more senior loans in terms of claims on assets or earnings.
Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS)
TIPS are a special type of U.S. Treasury security designed to address a fundamental, long-standing fixed-income market issue: that the fixed interest payments and principal values at maturity of most fixed-income securities don't adjust for inflation. TIPS interest payments and principal values do. The adjustments include upward or downward changes to both principal and coupon interest based on inflation. TIPS are inflation-indexed; that is, tied to the U.S. government's Consumer Price Index (CPI). At maturity, TIPS are guaranteed by the U.S. government to return at least their initial $1,000 principal value, or that principal value adjusted for inflation, whichever amount is greater. In addition, as their principal values are adjusted for inflation, their interest payments also adjust.
Treasury note
A treasury note is a debt security issued by the U.S. government with a fixed interest rate and maturity ranging from one to 10 years.
Treasury yield
The yield (defined below) of a Treasury security (most often refers to U.S. Treasury securities issued by the U.S. government).
Valuation
A quantitative estimate of a company or asset’s value.
Yield
For bonds and other fixed-income securities, yield is a rate of return on those securities. There are several types of yields and yield calculations. "Yield to maturity" is a common calculation for fixed-income securities, which takes into account total annual interest payments, the purchase price, the redemption value, and the amount of time remaining until maturity.
Yield curve
A line graph showing the yields of fixed income securities from a single sector (such as Treasuries or municipals), but from a range of different maturities (typically three months to 30 years), at a single point in time (often at month-, quarter- or year-end). Maturities are plotted on the x-axis of the graph, and yields are plotted on the y-axis. The resulting line is a key bond market benchmark and a leading economic indicator.
References to specific securities are for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended as recommendations to purchase or sell securities. Opinions and estimates offered constitute our judgment and, along with other portfolio data, are subject to change without notice.
International investing involves special risk considerations, including economic and political conditions, inflation rates and currency fluctuations.
Investment return and principal value of security investments will fluctuate. The value at the time of redemption may be more or less than the original cost. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Historically, small- and/or mid-cap stocks have been more volatile than the stock of larger, more-established companies. Smaller companies may have limited resources, product lines and markets, and their securities may trade less frequently and in more limited volumes than the securities of larger companies.
Diversification does not assure a profit nor does it protect against loss of principal.
Generally, as interest rates rise, bond prices fall. The opposite is true when interest rates decline.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment returns will fluctuate and it is possible to lose money.
The opinions expressed are those of American Century Investments (or the portfolio manager) and are no guarantee of the future performance of any American Century Investments' portfolio. This material has been prepared for educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide, and should not be relied upon for, investment, accounting, legal or tax advice.