2026 U.S. Equity Outlook
Third Quarter
Key Takeaways
Growth Stocks: Market volatility is likely to continue under current conditions. However, this shouldn’t overshadow the significant opportunity we see for patient, long-term investors.
Value Stocks: Energy supply disruptions can move markets quickly, but supply takes longer to normalize — shaping prices, profits, and long‑term opportunities.
Growth Stocks
Opportunities Require Patience Amid Stock Market Volatility
We believe we are in a remarkable period of investment opportunity, but it will likely be marked by significant volatility.
Stocks are at record highs, while we’re at historical extremes in market concentration and momentum. Some consolidation and pullback are to be expected. Inflation, interest rates and the possibility that companies fail to meet sky-high earnings expectations are clear risks.
Meanwhile, we see significant innovation across the economy, which we think could likely create long-term growth opportunities in many areas, such as artificial intelligence (AI).
We also see opportunities beyond direct AI investments. These include the space industry, biotech innovation, digital advertising, and a resurgence in certain software stocks. Industrials are performing well, with robotics and physical AI as key themes, along with power generation and distribution.
Our message is straightforward: In times of change and opportunity, patience is a valuable virtue.
What Factors Could Drive More Market Volatility This Year?
War. Inflation. Interest rates. AI disruptions. A “silver tsunami” of demographic shifts. Soaring federal debt and deficits. Leadership changes at the Federal Reserve (Fed). Incredibly narrow stock market gains. Taken together, these factors point to a market environment where volatility is likely to remain elevated.
While we recognize these challenges, we don’t believe they should alter your investment goals.
Remember, investing is a marathon, not a sprint. The biggest financial goals — funding retirement, a bequest or a child’s education — span decades. So try to focus on your financial future over short-term market fluctuations.
How Are Strong Corporate Earnings Influencing Markets?
The good news is that corporate earnings, the bedrock of stock returns, have been excellent.
According to FactSet, quarterly earnings for the S&P 500® Index as of March 31 were the best since the fourth quarter of 2021. Back then, the economy was rebounding from the COVID lockdown.
Today, a series of Fed rate cuts, lower taxes and unprecedented AI investments led to the economy's fastest annual growth in a year and a half during the first quarter.
This rosy earnings picture isn’t without a potential thorn, however. Expectations are that this stellar growth will continue. Slower economic growth or anything that threatens lofty future earnings will almost certainly lead to market volatility.
How Do Earnings Affect Stock Valuations?
Corporate earnings also drive valuations, as measured by price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios. While it’s true that stock prices have jumped, it’s wrong to focus only on the numerator. That’s because the denominator, the “E” in the P/E calculation, has surged as well.
Powerful earnings gains mean valuations for growth-oriented companies are attractive relative to the broader market, despite the recent price runup. The large-cap Russell 1000® Growth index’s valuation is actually below the 10-year historical average relative to both the S&P 500 and Russell 1000® Value index as of May 31.
Valuation in the Context of the Corporate Lifecycle
We further contend that, on its own, valuation can be a simplistic argument. Specifically, growth-focused companies tend to be “expensive” early on due to the significant investments they make to expand.
We would expect an early-stage company to show zero or negative profitability because revenues haven’t yet matched the capital invested. It’s also true that the significant use of cash to build the business is likely to result in a lower-quality balance sheet (more debt) in the short term.
High Inflation and Rate Uncertainty Are Sources of Volatility
Mentioning debt and corporate balance sheets brings us back to the issue of interest rates and, by extension, inflation.
Rates and inflation are linked because the higher the inflation, the higher the interest rate bond investors demand. In addition, short-term interest rates are the Fed’s main tool for keeping prices in check.
Unfortunately, inflation is running well above the Fed’s stated 2% target. That’s been bad for stocks, as many investors had been expecting more rate cuts. But now, according to the minutes of the latest Fed policy meeting, a majority of Fed officials think a rate hike might be in order.
Consider that the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index, often cited as the Fed’s favorite measure of inflation, is running at a 3.8% annual rate through April. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is running even hotter, at a 4.2% annual rate as of May.
That’s the fastest rate of CPI inflation in three years, since prices were accelerating amid the stimulus and trade disruptions of the post-COVID period.
Long-term bond investors have also pushed borrowing rates higher. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note has risen from below 4% in February to 4.5% today. That matters because most corporate borrowing is priced at a premium to the 10-year Treasury.
Can Growth Stocks Respond Differently to Inflation?
We all lived through the market and inflation shock of 2022. We know that stocks can suffer during periods of high or rapidly rising inflation.
Nevertheless, we believe that, over the long term, growth equities can help offset the impact of inflation. We think that’s true for stocks of competitively well-positioned companies with pricing power.
We aim to invest in companies that generate sustainable corporate earnings growth over time, powered by enduring competitive advantages and strong management teams. One dimension of quality corporate management is foresight in considering the lifetime value of its customers relative to short-term profit. These management teams frequently avoid “overearning.”
Said differently, they provide more value than they charge for in the short term. Companies with a very strong value proposition are more likely to be able to raise prices to defend their profit margins.
Companies that manage supply chains and input costs more effectively should also fare better, all else equal. More innovative firms with new and unique products should outperform those with less differentiated, more commoditized offerings.
A key takeaway is that companies are not created equal. Some will deal with high and rising inflation better than others.
Why Are Growth Stocks Sensitive to Rising Interest Rates?
It’s also true that, in the short run, growth stocks are negatively correlated with rising interest rates. Of course, this tends to be true of the broader market as well.
We’ve already laid out the economic rationale for this — higher rates increase debt-servicing costs and curtail spending on new projects.
Higher rates and inflation also mean that cash flows today are more valuable than those in the future. That’s a problem for growth stocks, whose primary appeal lies in the potential for future cash flows. So you can see why some investors reflexively sell growth stocks when interest rates rise.
But we believe that high-quality, well-managed growing companies with large addressable markets are likely to survive and thrive over time. This holds true regardless of short-term interest rate fluctuations.
This is precisely why our focus is on the company's fundamental quality and its long-term business opportunity.
Why a Long-Term Investment Approach Is Important During Market Fluctuations
We’re not investing for a horizon of a few days, months or even quarters — our horizon is many years long. We’re not trying to outperform every day or at every point in the economic and market cycle; we’re trying to outperform across the full market cycle.
So, when market volatility occurs, we do feel disappointed in the short term. However, we also view these downturns as potential opportunities to buy incredibly innovative companies at a discount.
Value Stocks
Energy Disruption May Lead to Structural Opportunity
The war with Iran has put a spotlight on the global energy supply — and on how difficult it can be to restore it once disrupted. Markets tend to react quickly to headlines, whether they signal rising tension or signs of de-escalation.
But the underlying system moves on a different timetable. Ultimately, what matters most is the steady flow of oil through key routes, such as the Strait of Hormuz.
Rebuilding inventories after these flows are disrupted also takes time. Even if tensions ease and ships start moving again, a reliable supply does not return overnight. Markets may price in improvement quickly, but the physical recovery tends to take longer.
That gap between perception and reality can influence pricing, capital decisions, and how energy is produced, moved and delivered over time.
Reopening Isn’t the Same as Recovery
Reopening the Strait would be an important step, but it would only be a first step. Before oil flows return to normal, several conditions must fall into place.
Shipping companies need confidence that it’s safe to operate. Tankers must return. Insurance must become available again. Buyers need to step back in.
Then there is the production side. In some cases, operators have had to halt oil production because they couldn’t move or store it. Restarting production isn’t always quick. Wells must be brought back online carefully, and infrastructure may require repairs.
All of that takes time. Even after shipments resume, flows can remain uneven. Inventories may continue to decline before they start to rebuild.
A Slower Recovery Can Support Energy Sector Profits
If supply takes longer to normalize, the support for oil prices can last longer than many expect. Governments and producers may use reserves or existing stockpiles to soften the immediate impact. Rather than eliminating the problem, actions like these tend to spread it out over time.
That environment can support profits across parts of the energy sector. Companies that produce oil directly tend to benefit first, as higher prices translate into stronger cash flow. Refiners can also benefit, depending on the spread between input costs and finished products.
Other parts of the industry may take longer to feel the impact. Companies that provide equipment, technology and services to energy producers often don’t benefit immediately from price changes.
Over time, the picture can shift. If countries invest more to expand supply or improve energy security, demand for these services can grow. Pricing power may improve as well. In that environment, differences in business models, capital discipline and cash flow durability may become more important.
The Bigger Story May Be Structural Change
History suggests that disruptions to global energy supply — from the oil shocks of the 1970s to more recent events like the Russia-Ukraine conflict — tend to highlight vulnerabilities. They often push governments and companies to rethink how they source and move energy.
The more important question may not be what happens over the next few weeks. It may be what changes over the next few years. Disruptions like this can expose weak points and accelerate decisions that might otherwise have taken much longer.
Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may seek to develop more of their own resources. Others may diversify their supply, looking beyond the Middle East. Regions like Latin America may become more important.
Producers might also consider investing in alternative transportation methods or contingency strategies. While these options aren’t flawless, they can help minimize dependence on critical chokepoints.
While these shifts wouldn’t happen quickly, they could create long-term opportunities. Companies involved in finding and developing new energy supplies may see increased demand. Regions with established resources may attract more investment. The global supply base may become more diversified.
For long-term investors, shifts like these can expand the opportunity set, particularly where the market has yet to fully reflect how supply and investment patterns may evolve.
Looking Beyond the Headlines
The near-term path for energy markets remains uncertain. Prices may continue to react to changing headlines.
For long-term investors, we think a different question matters more: how supply recovers and what that means for the future.
The pace of recovery, inventory rebuilding, and producers' response will shape the outlook. Those factors tend to matter more than short-term market moves.
Over time, this adjustment can create meaningful differences across companies and sectors. Those differences may matter most where longer-term fundamentals aren’t fully reflected in current expectations — an environment that can reward patient, valuation-focused investors.
Inflation in Focus
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A form of securitized debt that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments.
A form of securitized debt (defined below), ABS are structured like mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined below). But instead of mortgage loans or interest in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as auto loans, home equity loans, student loans, small business loans, and credit card debt. The value of an ABS is affected by changes in the market's perception of the assets backing the security, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the loan pool, the originator of the loans, or the financial institution providing any credit enhancement.
Basis points are used in financial literature to express values that are carried out to two decimal places (hundredths of a percentage point), particularly ratios, such as yields, fees, and returns. Basis points describe values that are typically on the right side of the decimal point--one basis point equals one one-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%). So 25 basis points equals 0.25%, and 50 basis points equals 0.50%. Only when basis points equal or exceed 100 does the value move to the left of the decimal point--100 basis points equals 1.00%, 500 basis points equals 5.00%, etc.
Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived “investment-grade”; those rated below BBB are considered/perceived non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Beta is a standard measurement of potential investment risk and return. It shows how volatile a security's or an investment portfolio's returns have been compared with their respective benchmark indices. A benchmark index's beta always equals 1. A security or portfolio with a beta greater than 1 had returns that fluctuated more, both up and down, than those of its benchmark, while a beta of less than 1 indicates less fluctuation than the benchmark.
Represents securities that are taxable, registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and U.S. dollar-denominated. The index covers the U.S. investment-grade fixed-rate bond market, with index components for government and corporate securities, mortgage pass-through securities, and asset-backed securities.
Entity responsible for oversight of a nation’s monetary system, including policies and interest rates.
Volatility indexes are forward-looking measures of the market's expectations of volatility (or how much a stock index's price moves). The CBOE manages and publishes three of the most widely used volatility indexes based on three major stock indexes: The VIX Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the S&P 500 Index, the VXN Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the NASDAQ-100 Index and the VXD Index tracks the expected 30-day future volatility of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. VIX, VXN and VXD are the ticker symbols for these three volatility indexes. The VIX in particular is a widely used measure of market risk and is often referred to as the "investor fear gauge."
A form of securitized debt, typically backed by pools of corporate loans and their payments.
MBS that represent ownership in pools of commercial real estate loans used to finance the construction and improvement of income-producing properties, including office buildings, shopping centers, industrial parks, warehouses, hotels, and apartment complexes.
Short-term debt issued by corporations to raise cash and to cover current expenses in anticipation of future revenues.
Commodities are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought or sold on an exchange or market. Examples include grains such as corn, foods such as coffee, and metals such as copper.
CPI is the most commonly used statistic to measure inflation in the U.S. economy. Sometimes referred to as headline CPI, it reflects price changes from the consumer's perspective. It's a U.S. government (Bureau of Labor Statistics) index derived from detailed consumer spending information. Changes in CPI measure price changes in a market basket of consumer goods and services such as gas, food, clothing, and cars. Core CPI excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile.
Debt instruments issued by corporations, as distinct from those issued by governments, government agencies, or municipalities. Corporate securities typically have the following features: 1) they are taxable, 2) they tend to have more credit (default) risk than government or municipal securities, so they tend to have higher yields than comparable-maturity securities in those sectors; and 3) they are traded on major exchanges, with prices published in newspapers.
Correlation measures the relationship between two investments--the higher the correlation, the more likely they are to move in the same direction for a given set of economic or market events. So if two securities are highly correlated, they will move in the same direction the vast majority of the time. Negatively correlated investments do the opposite--as one security rises, the other falls, and vice versa. No correlation means there is no relationship between the movement of two securities--the performance of one security has no bearing on the performance of the other. Correlation is an important concept for portfolio diversification--combining assets with low or negative correlations can improve risk-adjusted performance over time by providing a diversity of payouts under the same financial conditions.
The coupon interest rate is the stated/set interest rate that is assigned to each interest-paying fixed-income security when it is issued. It is used to calculate the security's periodic interest payments to investors; the coupon rate is applied to the security's principal value to generate interest payments.
Credit quality reflects the financial strength of the issuer of a security, and the ability of that issuer to provide timely payment of interest and principal to investors in the issuer's securities. Common measurements of credit quality include the credit ratings provided by credit rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's and Moody's. Credit quality and credit quality perceptions are a key component of the daily market pricing of fixed-income securities, along with maturity, inflation expectations and interest rate levels.
Measurements of credit quality (defined below) provided by credit rating agencies (defined below). Those provided by Standard & Poor's typically are the most widely quoted and distributed, and range from AAA (highest quality; perceived as least likely to default) down to D (in default). Securities and issuers rated AAA to BBB are considered/perceived to be "investment-grade"; those below BBB are considered/perceived to be non-investment-grade or more speculative.
Credit risk is the risk that the inability or perceived inability of the issuers of debt securities to make interest and principal payments will cause the value of those securities to decrease. Changes in the credit ratings of debt securities could have a similar effect.
A debt instrument, including bonds, certificates of deposit or preferred stocks.
Deflation is the opposite of inflation (see Inflation); it describes a decline in prices for goods, assets and services, and is considered a highly undesirable economic outcome by economists and policymakers.
A payment of a company's earnings to stockholders as a distribution of profits.
The return earned by a stock investor, calculated by dividing the amount of annual dividends per share by the current share price of the stock.
Occurs when the investor or fund manager uses techniques attempting to prevent a decrease in the value of the investment.
Duration is an important indicator of potential price volatility and interest rate risk in fixed income investments. It measures the price sensitivity of a fixed income investment to changes in interest rates. The longer the duration, the more a fixed income investment's price will change when interest rates change. Duration also reflects the effect caused by receiving fixed income cash flows sooner instead of later. Fixed income investments structured to potentially pay more to investors earlier (such as high-yield, mortgage, and callable securities) typically have shorter durations than those that return most of their capital at maturity (such as zero-coupon or low-yielding noncallable Treasury securities), assuming that they have similar maturities.
The risk and/or opportunity to a company's market valuation resulting from environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. Depending on the sector, environmental and social factors include, but are not limited to, 1) climate change, 2) water stress, 3) product safety and quality (supply chain and manufacturing), 4) cybersecurity and data privacy, and 5) human capital management. Regardless of the sector, governance factors include: 1) business (mis)conduct, 2) board composition, independence and entrenchment, 3) accounting practices, 4) ownership structure, and 5) executive pay-for-sustainability performance alignment.
Together with the national central banks of the European Union member states whose currency is the Euro (€), the European Central Bank (ECB) defines and implements the monetary policy for the Euro area.
The eurozone is sometimes referred to as the euro area and represents the member states that participate in the economic and monetary union (EMU) with the European Union (EU). The eurozone currently consists of: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
The federal funds rate is an overnight interest rate banks charge each other for loans. More specifically, it's the interest rate charged by banks with excess reserves at a Federal Reserve district bank to banks needing overnight loans to meet reserve requirements. It's an interest rate that's mentioned frequently within the context of the Federal Reserve's interest rate policies. The Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee (defined below) sets a target for the federal funds rate (which is a key benchmark for all short-term interest rates, especially in the money markets), which it then supports/strives for with its open market operations (buying or selling government securities).
The Fed is the U.S. central bank, responsible for monetary policies affecting the U.S. financial system and the economy.
A floating rate is associated with payments that fluctuate with an underlying interest rate level, as opposed to paying fixed-rate income.
Investment "fundamentals," in the context of investment analysis, are typically those factors used in determining value that are more economic (growth, interest rates, inflation, employment) and/or financial (income, expenses, assets, credit quality) in nature, as opposed to "technicals," which are based more on market price (into which fundamental factors are considered to have been "priced in"), trend, and volume factors (such as supply and demand), and momentum. Technical factors can often override fundamentals in near-term investor and market behavior, but, in theory, investments with strong fundamental supports should maintain their value and perform relatively well over long time periods.
One of the biggest sectors in the municipal securities (defined below) market. Typically, these bonds are secured by the full faith and credit pledge (defined above) of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer's taxing power (tax revenues provide the means by which most interest payments are made). GO bonds can be issued by states, counties, cities, towns and regional districts to fund a variety of public projects, including construction of and improvements to schools, highways, and water and sewer systems.
The Global Economic Policy Uncertainty Index aims to quantify the level of uncertainty surrounding future economic policies based on news coverage, tax regulations and economic forecasts. The global index is an average of national economic policy uncertainty indices for 20 countries.
A measure of the total economic output in goods and services for an economy.
High-yield bonds are fixed income securities with lower credit quality and lower credit ratings. High-yield securities are those rated below BBB- by Standard & Poor's.
Inflation, sometimes referred to as headline inflation, reflects rising prices for consumer goods and services, or equivalently, a declining value of money. Core inflation excludes food and energy prices, which tend to be volatile. It is the opposite of deflation (see Deflation).
Debt securities that offer returns adjusted for inflation; a feature designed to eliminate the inflation risk.
Published on a monthly basis, the ISM surveys more than 300 manufacturing firms on employment, production, new orders, supplier deliveries, and inventories. A composite diffusion index of national manufacturing conditions is constructed, where readings above (below) 50 percent indicate an expanding (contracting) manufacturing sector.
A debt security with a relatively low risk of default issued and sold by a corporation to investors.
Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price.
This phrase refers to seven stocks that have been high-performing in the technology sector — Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, NVIDIA and Tesla.
A form of securitized debt (defined below) that represents ownership in pools of mortgage loans and their payments. Most MBS are structured as "pass-throughs"--the monthly payments of principal and interest on the mortgages in the pool are collected by the financial entity that is servicing the mortgages and are "passed through" monthly to investors. The monthly and principal payments are key differences between MBS and other bonds such as Treasuries, which pay interest every six months and return the whole principal at maturity. Most MBS are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), or by a private lending institution.
A free float-adjusted market capitalization-weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed and emerging markets, excluding the United States.
The MSCI ACW (All Country World) Investable Market Index (IMI) captures large, mid and small cap representation across 23 Developed Markets (DM) and 24 Emerging Markets (EM) countries. With 9,139 constituents, the index is comprehensive, covering approximately 99% of the global equity investment opportunity set.
A free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of developed markets.
These are long-term municipal securities (defined below) with maturities of 10 years or longer.
Debt securities typically issued by or on behalf of U.S. state and local governments, their agencies or authorities to raise money for a variety of public purposes, including financing for state and local governments as well as financing for specific projects and public facilities. In addition to their specific set of issuers, the defining characteristic of munis is their tax status. The interest income earned on most munis is exempt from federal income taxes. Interest payments are also generally exempt from state taxes if the bond owner resides within the state that issued the security. The same rule applies to local taxes. Another interesting characteristic of munis: Individuals, rather than institutions, make up the largest investor base. In part because of these characteristics, munis tend to have certain performance attributes, including higher after-tax returns than other fixed income securities of comparable maturity and credit quality and low volatility relative to other fixed-income sectors. The two main types of munis are general obligation bonds (GOs) and revenue bonds. GOs are munis secured by the full faith and credit of the issuer and usually supported by the issuer's taxing power. Revenue bonds are secured by the charges tied to the use of the facilities financed by the bonds.
For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, nominal yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers. Most nominal fixed-income yields include some extra yield, an "inflation premium," that is typically priced/added into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation (see Inflation). Real yields (see Real yield), such as those for TIPS (see TIPS), don't have the inflation premium. As a result, nominal yields are typically higher than TIPS yields and other real yields.
MBS that represent ownership in pools of commercial real estate loans used to finance the construction and improvement of income-producing properties. Non-agency CMBS are not guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored enterprise.
The personal consumption expenditures ("PCE") price deflator—which comes from the Bureau of Economic Analysis' quarterly report on U.S. gross domestic product—is based on a survey of businesses and is intended to capture the price changes in all final goods, no matter the purchaser. Because of its broader scope and certain differences in the methodology used to calculate the PCE price index, the Federal Reserve ("the Fed") holds the PCE deflator as its preferred, consistent measure of inflation over time.
The price of a stock divided by its annual earnings per share. These earnings can be historical (the most recent 12 months) or forward-looking (an estimate of the next 12 months). A P/E ratio allows analysts to compare stocks on the basis of how much an investor is paying (in terms of price) for a dollar of recent or expected earnings. Higher P/E ratios imply that a stock's earnings are valued more highly, usually on the basis of higher expected earnings growth in the future or higher quality of earnings.
Measures the average change over time in the selling prices received by domestic producers for their output. The prices included in the PPI are from the first commercial transaction for many products and some services.
Indicator of the economic health of the manufacturing sector, based on monthly surveys.
Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations assign quality ratings to reflect forward-looking opinions on the creditworthiness of loan issuers.
A form of monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate economic growth. In QE, a central bank (such as the U.S. Federal Reserve) buys domestic government securities to increase the domestic money supply, lower interest rates, and encourage investors to make investments in riskier assets such as stocks and high-yield securities.
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) are securities that trade like stocks and invest in real estate through properties or mortgages.
For most bonds and other fixed-income securities, real yield is simply the yield you see listed online or in newspapers (see Yield) minus the premium (extra yield) added to help counteract the effects of inflation (see Inflation). Most "nominal" fixed-income yields (see Nominal yield) include an "inflation premium" that is typically priced into the yields to help offset the effects of inflation. Real yields, such as those for TIPS, don't have the inflation premium. As a result, TIPS yields and other real yields are typically lower than most nominal yields.
Trades or investments made on the assumption that the world economy will rebound due to reflation (a reversal of deflation due to a government's economic fiscal or monetary policy to stimulate the economy).
One of the biggest sectors in the municipal debt (defined above) market. Unlike a general obligation (GO) bond (defined above), revenue bonds are not backed by a municipal issuer's taxing authority. Instead, interest and principal are secured by the net revenues (tolls, fees, or other charges tied to usage) from the project or facility being financed. Revenue bonds are issued to finance a variety of capital projects, including construction or refurbishment of utility and waste disposal systems, highways, bridges, tunnels, air and seaport facilities, schools and hospitals.
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.
Measures the performance of those Russell 1000 Index companies (the 1,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values.
Measures the performance of those Russell 2000 Index companies (the 2,000 smallest of the 3,000 largest publicly traded U.S. companies, based on total market capitalization) with lower price-to-book ratios and lower forecasted growth values.
A style-concentrated index designed to track the performance of stocks that exhibit the strongest growth characteristics by using a style-attractiveness weighting scheme.
The S&P 500® Index is composed of 500 selected common stocks most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
The S&P 500 Value Index is a style-concentrated index that measures stocks in the S&P 500 using three factors: the ratios of book value, earnings, and sales to price. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
Provides investors with a benchmark for mid-sized companies. The index covers over 7% of the U.S. equity market, and seeks to remain an accurate measure of mid-sized companies, reflecting the risk and return characteristics of the broader mid-cap universe on an on-going basis.
A capitalization-weighted index consisting of 600 domestic stocks, measures the small company segment of the U.S. market.
Debt resulting from the process of aggregating debt instruments into a pool of similar debts, then issuing new securities backed by the pool (securitizing the debt). Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities (ABS and MBS, defined further above) and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs, defined above) are common forms of securitized debt. The credit quality (defined above) of securitized debt can vary significantly, depending on the underwriting standards of the original debt issuers, the credit quality of the issuers, economic or financial conditions that might affect payments, the existence of credit backing or guarantees, etc.
A security that has a higher priority compared to another in the event of liquidation.
A country's own government-issued debt, priced in its native currency, that can be sold to investors in other countries to raise needed funds. For example, U.S. Treasury debt is U.S. sovereign debt, and would be referred to as sovereign debt when bought by foreign investors. Conversely, debt issued by foreign governments and priced in their currencies would be sovereign debt to U.S. investors.
In fixed income parlance, spreads are simply measured differences or gaps that exist between two interest rates or yields that are being compared with each other. Spreads typically exist and are measured between fixed income securities of the same credit quality (defined above), but different maturities, or of the same maturity, but different credit quality. Changes in spreads typically reflect changes in relative value, with "spread widening" usually indicating relative price depreciation of the securities whose yields are increasing most, and "spread tightening" indicating relative price appreciation of the securities whose yields are declining most (or remaining relatively fixed while other yields are rising to meet them). Value-oriented investors typically seek to buy when spreads are relatively wide and sell after spreads tighten.
In fixed income parlance, these are typically non-Treasury securities that usually trade in the fixed income markets at higher yields than same-maturity U.S. Treasury securities. The yield difference between Treasuries and non-Treasuries is called the "spread" (defined further above), hence the name "spread sectors" for non-Treasuries. These sectors--such as corporate-issued securities and mortgage-backed securities (MBS, defined above)--typically trade at higher yields (spreads) than Treasuries because they usually have relatively lower credit quality (defined above) and more credit/default risk (defined above), and/or they have more prepayment risk (defined above).
Changes in spreads that reflect changes in relative value, with "spread widening" usually indicating relative price depreciation and "spread tightening" indicating relative price appreciation.
Stagflation describes slowing economic growth combined with high inflation.
An unsecured loan or bond that ranks below more senior loans in terms of claims on assets or earnings.
For bonds and other fixed-income securities, total return is a standard performance measurement that incorporates both income (primarily from interest payments) and changes in the prices of the securities (see Price changes from market changes). It is viewed as a more complete measurement of fixed-income performance than yield alone.
TIPS are a special type of U.S. Treasury security designed to address a fundamental, long-standing fixed-income market issue: that the fixed interest payments and principal values at maturity of most fixed-income securities don't adjust for inflation. TIPS interest payments and principal values do. The adjustments include upward or downward changes to both principal and coupon interest based on inflation. TIPS are inflation-indexed; that is, tied to the U.S. government's Consumer Price Index (CPI). At maturity, TIPS are guaranteed by the U.S. government to return at least their initial $1,000 principal value, or that principal value adjusted for inflation, whichever amount is greater. In addition, as their principal values are adjusted for inflation, their interest payments also adjust.
A treasury note is a debt security issued by the U.S. government with a fixed interest rate and maturity ranging from one to 10 years.
The yield (defined below) of a Treasury security (most often refers to U.S. Treasury securities issued by the U.S. government).
Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and backed by the direct "full faith and credit" pledge of the U.S. government. Treasury securities include bills (maturing in one year or less), notes (maturing in two to 10 years) and bonds (maturing in more than 10 years). They are generally considered among the highest quality and most liquid securities in the world.
A quantitative estimate of a company or asset’s value.
See Chicago Board of Trade (CBOE) Volatility Indexes.
For bonds and other fixed-income securities, yield is a rate of return on those securities. There are several types of yields and yield calculations. "Yield to maturity" is a common calculation for fixed-income securities, which takes into account total annual interest payments, the purchase price, the redemption value, and the amount of time remaining until maturity.
A line graph showing the yields of fixed income securities from a single sector (such as Treasuries or municipals), but from a range of different maturities (typically three months to 30 years), at a single point in time (often at month-, quarter- or year-end). Maturities are plotted on the x-axis of the graph, and yields are plotted on the y-axis. The resulting line is a key bond market benchmark and a leading economic indicator.
A "spread," in fixed income parlance, is simply a difference. Yield spreads measure yield differences, typically between debt securities with high credit ratings (which typically have lower yields) and those with lower ratings (which typically have higher yields). Yield spreads can also be measured between debt securities with different maturities (shorter-maturity securities typically have lower yields and longer-maturity securities typically have higher yields).
©2026 Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC. The S&P 500® Index is composed of 500 selected common stocks most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is not an investment product available for purchase.
References to specific securities are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended as recommendations to purchase or sell securities. Opinions and estimates offered constitute our judgment and, along with other portfolio data, are subject to change without notice.
International investing involves special risks, such as political instability and currency fluctuations. Investing in emerging markets may accentuate these risks.
Investment return and principal value of security investments will fluctuate. The value at the time of redemption may be more or less than the original cost. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Historically, small- and/or mid-cap stocks have been more volatile than the stock of larger, more-established companies. Smaller companies may have limited resources, product lines and markets, and their securities may trade less frequently and in more limited volumes than the securities of larger companies.
Diversification does not assure a profit nor does it protect against loss of principal.
Generally, as interest rates rise, bond prices fall. The opposite is true when interest rates decline.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Investment returns will fluctuate and it is possible to lose money.
The opinions expressed are those of American Century Investments (or the portfolio manager) and are no guarantee of the future performance of any American Century Investments portfolio. This material has been prepared for educational purposes only. It is not intended to provide, and should not be relied upon for, investment, accounting, legal or tax advice.